Volume 13 • Issue 1 • PP: 26–36 • 2025
Financial Sector-Ready Framework for USD–PKR Exchange Rate Forecasting Using Ninja Optimization
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© 2025 The Author(s). Published by ASPG. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
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Accurate exchange rate prediction is a critical challenge in financial forecasting, as fluctuations in exchange rates directly impact trade balances, investment strategies, and monetary policy decisions. Motivated by the need for robust and precise forecasting models, this study presents a novel framework that integrates deep learning (DL) methodologies with advanced metaheuristic optimization. At the core of this framework is the Continuous-Time Sequence Model (CTSM), complemented by the binary Ninja Optimization Algorithm (bNiOA) for feature selection and the Ninja Optimization Algorithm (NiOA) for hyperparameter tuning. Experimental results demonstrate substantial improvements in predictive performance. The baseline CTSM model achieved an accuracy of 0.8168 with a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0718. After applying the bNiOA-driven feature selection, accuracy increased markedly to 0.9576, while the MSE was reduced to0.00067. Further optimization of hyperparameters through NiOA elevated the model’s accuracy to 0.9963, with an MSE of 0.00088. These results validate that the proposed optimization-enhanced deep learning pipeline effectively reduces feature redundancy and dimensionality, while finely tuning model parameters to achieve superior accuracy and generalization. The implications of this study are significant, providing policymakers, investors, and businesses with a powerful tool for risk management, strategic planning, and informed decision-making in volatile currency markets.
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