Age and Language Learning a Comparative Study of Young and Adult Learners with Data Fusion Perspectives

Shahab Ahmad Al

doi:https://doi.org/10.54216/FPA.210214

Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things | 2026

Emotion Recognition Using Deep Learning via Facial Expression

Human-computer interaction (HCI), artificial intelligence (AI), and HI are in high demand these days. In fields like marketing, client feedback analysis, security, and healthcare, facial expression- grounded emotion recognition becomes a pivotal tool for comprehending mortal feelings. Facial expressions like fear, disgust, surprise, anger, sadness, and happiness are pivotal pointers of emotional countries. Businesses can ameliorate client gests by relating these pointers and measuring client satisfaction with goods or services. The discovery of mortal feelings has been achieved with machine literacy algorithms like support vector machines and arbitrary timbers. The effectiveness of deep literacy models for emotion discovery has been validated by earlier studies that employed Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to reliably classify feelings grounded on facial expressions. Likewise, recent developments in deep literacy, particularly the operation of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have significantly increased the delicacy of facial emotion recognition and interpretation from images and live camera aqueducts. In order to reuse face images with CNN models for real- time emotion recognition, our exploration attempts to produce an emotion recognition system using Python and OpenCV. The current study describes how to watch live videotape aqueducts for facial expressions to identify which of the seven linked feelings is most likely to do. This system provides emotional behavior in real time when needed.

groups

Santosh B. Dhekale mail -

S. S. Nikam mail -

D. K. Shedge mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/JISIoT.180226

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 18 / Iss. Issue 2

Details open_in_new

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2026

A Comparative Study of Neutrosophic Subalgebras in Sheffer Stroke UP-algebras

In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive study of neutrosophic subalgebras of various types within the framework of Sheffer stroke UP-algebras (SUP-algebras). Specifically, we introduce and characterize (∈, ∈), (∈, ∈ &or;q), and (q, ∈ &or;q)-neutrosophic subalgebras based on neutrosophic ∈-subsets, q-subsets, and (∈ &or;q)-subsets. Necessary and sufficient conditions are established for these subsets to form subalgebras under the Sheffer stroke operation. Several theorems demonstrate how these types interrelate and differ in their structural properties, with illustrative examples provided. Furthermore, we identify the conditions under which certain canonical subsets, such as X1 0 = {x ∈ X | T (x) > 0, I(x) > 0, F (x) < 1}, form subalgebras across differ- ent neutrosophic configurations. These results offer a unified perspective and deeper insight into the algebraic behavior of neutrosophic systems in the context of SUP-algebras.

groups

Aiyared Iampan mail -

Vennila Ramasamy mail -

V. Vijaya Bharathi mail -

K. Geetha mail -

Neelamegarajan Rajesh mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.270229

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 27 / Iss. Issue 2

Details open_in_new

Pure Mathematics for Theoretical Computer Science | 2025

On the Formal Foundations of D-Off Numbers and Neutrosophic D-Numbers

A variety of uncertainty-handling frameworks—such as Fuzzy Sets,1 Hyperfuzzy Sets,2 Bipolar Fuzzy Sets,3 Neutrosophic Sets,4 Vague Set,5 Hesitant Fuzzy Sets,6, 7 Picture Fuzzy Sets,8 Soft Sets,9, 10 Rough Sets,11 and Plithogenic Sets12, 13—have been extensively studied for modeling and reasoning under vagueness and imprecision. A fuzzy set extends classical set theory by assigning each element a membership value in the unit interval [0, 1], thereby capturing partial inclusion.1 Neutrosophic Sets further generalize this idea by introducing three independent membership functions—truth, indeterminacy, and falsity—each mapping into [0, 1]. Many of these frameworks have been enriched by incorporating offset concepts, which permit membership degrees to take values beyond the unit interval. Similarly, D-numbers extend Dempster–Shafer belief functions by assigning to each subset B &sube; X a mass D(B) ∈ [0, 1] with P B D(B) ≤ 1, thus accommodating incomplete uncertainty.14 In this work, we introduce and formally define four new constructs: D-OffNumber, D-OverNumber, D-UnderNumber, and Neutrosophic D-Number, and we investigate their mathematical foundations, structural properties, and interrelationships. The present study focuses exclusively on theoretical development, leaving potential applications—such as their integration into decision-making frameworks—for future research.

groups

Takaaki Fujita mail -

Arif Mehmood mail -

Arkan A. Ghaib mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/PMTCS.050105

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 5 / Iss. Issue 1

Details open_in_new

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2026

An Intelligent Semantic Orientation Identification Framework on Economic Text Using Q-Neutrosophic Soft Matrix under Interval-Valued for Financial Sentiment Analysis

Neutrosophic Logic is a neonate field of research in which all propositions are considered to have the percentage of truth in a subset I, F, and T. Neutrosophic set (NS) has been positively utilized for indeterminate data processing, and proven benefits for addressing the indeterminacy data information and is still a method nominated for classification application and data analysis. Soft set (SS) is a powerful device for handling the uncertainty of information in a parametric situation. On the other hand, the concept of interval-valued neutrosophic soft sets (IVNSSs) is a novel generality of the neutrosophic soft sets (NSSs) to the NSs once the authors incorporate the important features of IVNS and soft sets (SSs) in one method. Therefore, this method operated to offer decision-makers with flexibility in the procedure of understanding unclear information. From the scientific viewpoint, the procedure of estimating this higher performance IVNSS vanishes. Q-neutrosophic SSs are fundamentally NSSs considered by 3 independent 2D membership functions that represents indeterminacy, falsity and uncertainty. Therefore, it is used to 2D inconsistent, imprecise and indeterminate data, which seem in most real world challenges.  The usage of robo-readers for analyzing news texts is the advanced technology trend in financial technology. A considerable effort has been invested to develop refined financial orientation that is applied to inspect how financial sentiments related to future performance of the company. Recently, the financial sentiment analysis (SA) has become a more and more related subfield within text analytics that addresses the computational analysis of subjectivity and opinion in texts. Most of the methods have concentrated on particular fields, utilizing type-based corpora as training data for machine learning (ML) methods that classify the input text as both negative and positive. In this manuscript, we develop a Semantic Orientation Identification Framework in Economic Text Using Q-neutrosophic soft matrix under Interval-valued (SOIFET-IVQNSM) model for financial SA. The aim of the paper is to propose an innovative approach for identifying semantic orientation in economic texts to enhance financial sentiment and prediction accuracy. Primarily, the input text data is preprocessed utilizing diverse preprocessing levels like removal of stop words, tokenization, stemming, spelling correction, and lemmatization to make it suitable for further processing. Besides, the word embedding process is mainly executed by the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) model to transform economic text into meaningful vector representation. For classification purpose, the proposed SOIFET-IVQNSM model designs a Q-neutrosophic soft matrix under Interval-valued (IV-Q-NSM) model. The simulation validation of the SOIFET-IVQNSM algorithm is tested on a benchmark database, and the results are measured under several metrics. The simulation result highlighted the improvement of the SOIFET-IVQNSM system in semantic orientation identification.

groups

Zokir Mamadiyarov mail -

Ziyodulla Khakimov mail -

Dilmurad Bekjanov mail -

Hafis Hajiyev mail -

Natalia Falina mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.270230

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 27 / Iss. Issue 2

Details open_in_new

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2026

A Predictive Analytics for Customer Lifetime Value Estimation in Digital Banking using Interval-Valued Neutrosophic Set with Fine Tuning Approach

As a generality of fuzzy sets (FS) and intuitionistic FS (IFS), neutrosophic sets (NS) was progressed by F. Smarandache for signifying incomplete, inaccurate, and uneven data present in the real world. Neutrosophic Logic (NL) is a neonate research field in which every proposition was projected to have the proportion of truth in a sub-set T, I, and F. Neutrosophic sets (NS) have been well employed for indeterminate information handling, and determine benefits to tackle indeterminate data. A NS is categorized by indeterminacy-, truth-, and a falsity- membership functions. Atanassov as a major simplification of FS presented the notion of IFS. IFS are very beneficial in conditions when problem description by linguistic variables, assumed with only a membership function, appears to be difficult. In recent times, IFS have been employed to numerous areas like medical diagnosis, logic programming, decision-making issues, etc. An interval NS (INS) is an example of NS, which is employed in real engineering and scientific applications. Owing to the competition in the banking industry and the importance, access to customer information is vital to establish a successful relationship that benefits both parties. Representing longer-term customer relationships and building brand equity are essential in modern banking, and therefore increasing relationship quality plays a significant part in the development of new services and customer lifetime value (CLV) approximation.  CLV is an estimated profit that can be achieved by the organization from a customer for some time. Presently, the development of Machine Learning (ML) methods has resulted in better precision and effectiveness. Therefore, by utilizing ML methods of real-time customer data, predictions of a more precise future value of the customer are gained by businesses, which helps in establishing a more personal marketing approach. In this manuscript, we propose a Customer Lifetime Value Estimation using Interval-Valued Neutrosophic Set and Parameter Optimization Algorithms (CLVE-IVNSPOA). The foremost main of this paper is to progress a predictive analytics model for estimating customer lifetime value in digital banking utilizing advanced optimization methods. Initially, the data pre-processing phase was employed by using the Z-score method. Moreover, the pelican optimization algorithm (POA) is mainly executed by the feature subset selection in order to select the most optimal features from a dataset. For CLV prediction, the Interval-Valued Neutrosophic Set (IVNS) technique is exploited. At last, the model parameter adjustment process is performed through improved shark optimization (ISHO) algorithm for improving the prediction performance. The experimental evaluation of the CLVE-IVNSPOA occurs using benchmark database. The experimental outcomes indicated out an improved performance of CLVE-IVNSPOA compared to existing systems.

groups

Alisher Sherov mail -

Ziyodulla Khakimov mail -

Yurii Vorobev mail -

Emil Hajiyev mail -

Tatyana Khorolskaya mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.270118

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 27 / Iss. Issue 1

Details open_in_new

Galoitica: Journal of Mathematical Structures and Applications | 2025

Graded HyperRough Set and Linguistic HyperRough Set

Numerous mathematical frameworks have been developed to handle uncertainty, including Fuzzy Sets,1 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets,2 Hyperfuzzy Sets,3 Picture Fuzzy Sets,4 Hesitant Fuzzy Sets,5, 6 Neutrosophic Sets,7 Plithogenic Sets,8 and Soft Sets,9 and research in this area continues to evolve rapidly. Rough set theory provides a foundational method for approximating subsets using lower and upper bounds based on equivalence relations, offering an effective approach to modeling uncertainty in classification and data analysis.10, 11 Building upon these foundations, extended models such as HyperRough Sets and SuperHyperRough Sets have been proposed.12 In this paper, we present novel definitions that further generalize Graded Rough Sets and Linguistic Rough Sets—specifically, the Graded HyperRough Set and the Linguistic HyperRough Set. These new frameworks are expected to contribute to the advancement of research in fields such as decision-making, language theory, and artificial intelligence.

groups

Takaaki Fujita mail -

Arif Mehmood mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/GJMSA.120201

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 12 / Iss. Issue 2

Details open_in_new

Journal of Cybersecurity and Information Management | 2026

Digital Forensic Investigation of an iOS Mobile Phone Using iTunes and iCloud Backup

The growing popularity of iOS devices and the increasing complexities of forensic investigation of these devices requires more research attention. Due to the complex encryption and closed nature of iPhones, it is inherently complicated to perform digital forensic investigations. While there are many extraction and analysis methods for iphone, the most comprehensive (but most complex) is the full physical acquisition. However, the likelihood of acquiring physical extraction of an iPhone is becoming more challenging as Apple improves on its mobile technology, with more emphasis on privacy and security. Factors such as the adoption of full file and disk encryption, and secure enclave technology poses serious challenge to forensic investigators. This paper explored alternatives, by extracting and analyzing valuable evidential artifacts using iTunes and iCloud, unique to the iOS environment. This research involved the forensic examination of an iPhone XR running on iOS 17.5, using Oxygen Forensic Device Extractor v2.13.1, with each step documented. The study uncovered several artifact locations and provided a brief description of each, and their usefulness in a forensics analysis. Some of these include user-generated content, system artifacts, application data, and cloud interactions, such as contacts, SMS data, call history, media files, database, browser data, application data and others, that could prove vital in solving a case. This study made valuable contribution to the body of knowledge by highlighting specific challenges faced in iOS forensics and recommending a methodical approach to examining and analyzing evidential artifacts using iTunes and iCloud. The paper also addressed the gap in available literature in iOS forensics.

groups

Robinson Tombari Sibe mail -

Adewale Alayegun mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/JCIM.170212

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 17 / Iss. Issue 2

Details open_in_new

Fusion: Practice and Applications | 2026

An Automated Detection and Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity Stages Using SWIN Transformer

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) remains the leading cause of blindness in children. The detection and treatment of this disease mainly depend on subjective evaluation of the features of retinal blood vessels. This method is not only time-consuming but also prone to errors. The increasing number of such cases demands an urgent need for automated models to improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis and treatment. This paper presents a method for early detection of ROP using the Swin Transformer, a hierarchical vision transformer architecture. This work focuses solely on the screening stages for ROP, as documented between 2015 and 2020, based on a dataset composed of 3720 retinal images from preterm infants, kindly made available by the Al-Amal Eye Center located in Baghdad, Iraq. The proposed model achieved a classification accuracy of 98.67% on a clinical ROP dataset. The results highlight the importance of the most recent in-depth learning methods in enhancing early detection techniques, ultimately leading to improved clinical outcomes for at-risk infants.

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Nazar Salih Absulhussein mail -

Bashar I. Hameed mail -

Humam K. Yaseen mail -

Nebras H. Ghaeb mail -

Mohamed Ksantini mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/FPA.210215

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 21 / Iss. Issue 2

Details open_in_new

International Journal of Neutrosophic Science | 2026

Enforcement of q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Subsets to Q-Ideals

This paper presents an innovative generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy Q-subalgebras (IF-Q-S) by incorporating the structure of q-Rung Orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFS), which are distinguished by their independen membership and non-membership functions. It inserts and investigates q-Rung Orthopair fuzzy Q-subalgebras (q-ROFQ-S), demonstrating that this model is equivalent to a combination of a fuzzy Q-subalgebra (F-Q-S) and an anti-fuzzy Q-subalgebra (AF-Q-S). The study’s notable contributions include the definition of the nil radical and an exploration of its properties under homomorphisms. Additionally, it establishes that the union of q-ROFQ-subalgebras can itself form such a subalgebra under particular commutative conditions. Expanding the concept to the realm of ideals, the paper defines q-Rung Orthopair fuzzy Q-ideals (q-ROFQ-I) and proves that every q-regular q-ROFQ-S is inherently a q-ROFQ-I. This work offers a robust and versatile algebraic framework for addressing approximation in complex nonlinear systems.

groups

Mohammad Hamidi mail -

Sirous Jahanpanah mail -

Florentin Smarandache mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/IJNS.270231

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 27 / Iss. Issue 2

Details open_in_new

Fusion: Practice and Applications | 2026

Age and Language Learning a Comparative Study of Young and Adult Learners with Data Fusion Perspectives

This study investigates the influence of age on second language acquisition by comparing language learning outcomes between young learners (aged 8–12) and adult learners (aged 25–40). Drawing on both cognitive and sociolinguistic perspectives, and leveraging data fusion techniques that integrate test results, classroom observations, and learner interviews, the research examines differences in pronunciation, grammar acquisition, vocabulary retention, and communicative competence. The fusion of multiple data modalities ensures a more holistic view of learner performance. Findings indicate that young learners exhibit greater native-like pronunciation and long-term retention, while adult learners outperform in grammatical accuracy and metalinguistic awareness. Motivational factors and learning environments also played significant roles. The study concludes that while age affects specific aspects of language learning, no age group holds a universal advantage. Data fusion-based insights highlight the need for age-sensitive instructional strategies that cater to the cognitive and emotional needs of learners at different stages.

groups

Shahab Ahmad Al Maaytah mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/FPA.210214

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 21 / Iss. Issue 2

Details open_in_new