Empirical Analysis of Financial Stability of Agro-Clusters in Uzbekistan

Dildora Yuldasheva

doi:https://doi.org/10.54216/JIER.040101

Journal of Sustainable Development and Green Technology | 2026

Increasing Bank Revenues through Open Banking and API-Based Services: Prospects for Uzbekistan

Presently, there has been increasing policy attention from financial regulators in emerging banking systems on the need to look into the institutional mechanisms that could strengthen revenue generation of commercial banks in digital banking ecosystems. This study was an attempt to highlight the role of Open Banking platforms and API-based financial services in determining bank revenue growth in digital banking markets & financial service ecosystems (Uzbekistan). Therefore, the empirical findings of the present study can be used to better comprehend how Open Banking frameworks could be implemented in enhancing bank revenue streams in Uzbekistan. The previously developed Open Banking adoption indicators, API service readiness indicators, and bank revenue determinants framework in digital financial studies were used to collect data from banking professionals in commercial banks and fintech institutions. AHP’s prioritization results and structural equation modeling results on Open Banking adoption and API service integration increased significantly after evaluation with the support of the SEM analytical model. Additionally, the results of AHP analysis showed that Open Banking services and API-enabled platforms were the main areas of priority to be adopted by commercial banks on the basis of revenue-generation potential and service-integration capability, respectively. Moreover, the results also showed that out of five determinants, API service integration played a significant role in linkages between Open Banking adoption and bank revenue growth. The implications derived from this study can be used for enhancing bank revenue diversification in the context of Open Banking ecosystems. The finding is important given that higher levels of the Open Banking infrastructure are often found in digital banking systems of developed economies which cost less per unit of financial transaction – as there is less manual processing involved.

groups

Gulchekhrakhon Ostonakulova mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/JSDGT.060101

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 6 / Iss. Issue 1

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Pure Mathematics for Theoretical Computer Science | 2026

An Introduction to Probability, Hyper-Probability, and Super-Hyper-Probability

Standard probability theory assigns each event a single real value in [0, 1], satisfying non-negativity, normalization, and countable additivity. Hyper-Probability extends this notion by assigning to each event a set of probability values in [0, 1], thereby capturing multiple independent assessments from diverse sources. Super-HyperProbability further generalizes the framework by mapping events to iterated power sets of [0, 1], modeling hierarchical uncertainty across multiple aggregation levels. In this paper, we formally define the Hyper-Probability Measure and Hyper-Probability Distribution, examine their fundamental properties, and demonstrate how these constructs unify and extend classical probability within the Hyper- and Super-HyperProbability paradigms.

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Takaaki Fujita mail -

Ajoy Kanti Das mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/PMTCS.060101

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 6 / Iss. Issue 1

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Pure Mathematics for Theoretical Computer Science | 2026

HybridFunctorial Structure and MultiFunctorial Structure

A Functorial Structure is defined as a covariant functor F : C → Set, assigning sets to objects and functions to morphisms, ensuring functoriality. In this paper, we introduce and formally define two new concepts: the HybridFunctorial Structure and the MultiFunctorial Structure. A HybridFunctorial Structure combines two functors on the same category, linked by a natural transformation, ensuring consistent pushforward compatibility. A MultiFunctorial Structure involves multiple functors indexed by a preorder, coherently related via natural transformations, forming compatible families with functorial consistency.

groups

Takaaki Fujita mail -

Ajoy Kanti Das mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/PMTCS.060102

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 6 / Iss. Issue 1

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Pure Mathematics for Theoretical Computer Science | 2026

Spectral Moment Invariants and the Weisfeiler–Leman Hierarchy: Separating Power, a Fundamental Limitation, and Three Open Problems

We study spectral moment invariants Σp(G) = (trAG, . . . , trApG), built from the adjacency spectrum of a graph G, as graph isomorphism invariants positioned relative to the Weisfeiler–Leman (WL) hierarchy used to characterize graph neural network (GNN) expressivity. We give three fully verified case studies. First, C6 vs. 2K3: a 1- WL-indistinguishable pair separated by Σ3 but not Σ2 or Σ4. Second, K3,3 vs. the triangular prism: a second 1-WL-indistinguishable, cubic pair, also separated at order 3, but where the fourth moment separates as well, showing separating power is graph-family dependent even at fixed order. Both examples are grounded in a general fourth-moment identity (Proposition 2.8) and a homomorphism-counting identity (Proposition 2.5) that we prove from first principles. Third, and in the opposite direction, we prove that spectral moment invariants of every finite order fail on the classical cospectral, non-isomorphic strongly regular pair srg(16,6,2,2) (the Shrikhande graph and the 4×4 rook’s graph), verified numerically to fourth order by two independent methods. We situate both directions within published enumeration data and the Godsil–McKay switching construction, compare the computational complexity of spectral-moment, WL, and general isomorphism testing, connect the limitation to Laplacian eigenvector positional encodings in Graph Transformers, and pose three precise open problems.

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Murat Ozcek mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/PMTCS.060103

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 6 / Iss. Issue 1

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Pure Mathematics for Theoretical Computer Science | 2026

Interval-Lattice Fixed-Point Semantics for Certified Implicit Hypergraph Neural Operators

Implicit hypergraph models represent higher-order propagation by an equilibrium equation, but standard wellposedness arguments typically force a contraction and therefore exclude noncontractive yet order-preserving dynamics. This paper introduces an interval-lattice semantics for implicit hypergraph neural operators. On the box lattice L = {X ∈ Rn×d : ℓ ≤ Xi j ≤ u}, a normalized hypergraph propagation PH ≥ 0, an entrywise nonnegative channel map A ≥ 0, and an isotone activation generate an order-preserving operator T : L →L. The Knaster– Tarski theorem then yields a nonempty complete lattice of equilibria without requiring ∥A∥ < 1. Coupled iterations from the bottom and top elements produce certified lower and upper enclosures for every equilibrium. Under the optional metric condition q = Lσ ∥PH ∥2 ∥A∥2 < 1, the extremal equilibria coincide; geometric convergence, a residual-to-solution certificate, and a structural perturbation bound follow. Permutation equivariance and monotone dependence on input features are also proved. Two small arithmetic tables illustrate certificate scaling rather than empirical performance. The paper concludes with seven open problems on noncontractive uniqueness, signed hypergraphs, finite certificate complexity, topology-aware perturbation metrics, expressivity, differentiable extremal selection, and asynchronous lattice iteration.

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Sawsan Rateb almokabaa mail -

Maissam Ahamad Jdid mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/PMTCS.060104

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 6 / Iss. Issue 1

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Pure Mathematics for Theoretical Computer Science | 2026

Residuation–Galois Calculus for Exact Safety Preimages of Monotone Max–Plus Neural Networks

A proof-only calculus is developed for exact set abstraction and backward safety certification of monotone neural operators. A Galois insertion between concrete sets and interval boxes yields the best correct interval transformer. For every coordinatewise monotone map F, this transformer maps [ℓ,u] exactly to [F(ℓ),F(u)]; hence layerwise interval propagation is hull-exact for networks with nonnegative weights and isotone activations. The analysis is sharpened for max–plus layers T(x) =W ⊗x⊕b. Their upper safety preimages are either empty or principal ideals generated by the residualW\y, where (W\y)i = inf j:Wji>−∞(yj−Wji). Reverse residual propagation through a depth-L network computes the greatest input vector satisfying a prescribed upper output bound. Consequently, the largest weighted ℓ∞ radius around a nominal input is obtained in closed form, without optimization, branching, sampling, or relaxation. Soundness, maximality, compositionality, exactness, homogeneous collapse, and target-bound stability are proved. Four open problems concern signed architectures, two-sided class margins, residuated transformer attention, and completeness beyond boxes.

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Nader Taffach mail -

Mohammad Al-Shiekh mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/PMTCS.060105

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 6 / Iss. Issue 1

Details open_in_new

Pure Mathematics for Theoretical Computer Science | 2026

Reversibility of Circular Linear Cellular Automata over Finite Fields: An Exact Enumeration via the Unit Group of the Cyclic Group Algebra

We study the reversibility of one-dimensional linear cellular automata (CA) with periodic boundary conditions over a finite field Fq, identifying the global transition map with multiplication by a rule polynomial f (x) in the cyclic group algebra Rn = Fq[x]/(xn−1). We prove that reversibility is exactly equivalent to f (x) being a unit of Rn, and, when gcd(n,q) = 1, we use the classical correspondence between irreducible factors of xn−1 and q-cyclotomic cosets modulo n to derive a closed-form count of the reversible rules of a given neighborhood size: |R×n | = Πi(qdi −1), where the di are the sizes of the q-cyclotomic cosets modulo n. We then resolve the complementary case gcd(n,q)>1: writing n = pam with p = char(Fq) and gcd(m, p) = 1, we show xn−1 = (xm−1)pa , determine the local structure of each factor ring Fq[x]/(g(x)pa) for g irreducible, and obtain the fully general count |R×n| = Πi qdi(pa−1)(qdi −1), valid for every n and every finite field Fq. We give an explicit closed form for the case where m is prime and q is a primitive root modulo m, a density lower bound, an explicit description of the group of reversible rules under composition together with a formula for the exact dynamical period of any reversible rule via its coordinates under the Chinese Remainder Theorem, and a remark on explicit inverse-rule construction. All results are stated and proved in full; numerical instances used to validate the formulas were checked by direct and brute-force computation and are reported without tabulation.

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Lee Xu mail -

Olalekan Joosati mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/PMTCS.060106

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 6 / Iss. Issue 1

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Journal of International Economics Research | 2026

The Impact of Digital Banking Monetization on Bank Earnings Sustainability

Although research on digital banking monetization with financial performance is growing, few studies have focused on the sustainability of bank earnings through the perspective of digital revenue models. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of digital banking monetization and platform transaction income in achieving earnings sustainability in responding to the digital banking transformation. Collected banking data were subjected to a detailed regression analysis to estimate the conditional probability that a bank has a sustainable earnings structure, given the presence of one or more of its digital banking services. In order to analyze digital monetization and earnings sustainability while also including selection-related factors, certain financial indicators and control variables were combined with the dataset set defined by the sample selection process, which resulted in the Heckman selection model. The results show that banks’ favorable perceptions of the profitability of their digital banking services show digital monetization positively influences the formation of their earnings stability through the mediating effect of digital transaction income toward interest income diversification, fee-based revenues, and platform service charges. The results also show the positive impact of digital transaction revenues and platform service income on earnings stability during the digital banking expansion period. Moreover, understanding the contribution of digital banking monetization for earnings sustainability in relation to the platform-based model of banking is a contribution to financial research that may help future banks achieve faster digital transformation.

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Gulchekhrakhon Ostonakulova mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/JIER.030204

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 3 / Iss. Issue 2

Details open_in_new

Galoitica: Journal of Mathematical Structures and Applications | 2026

New Concepts of MetaStructures: Algebra, Topology, Lattices, Queues, Markov Chains, and Intervals

A MetaStructure is a higher-level framework that treats entire collections of structures as single objects, equipped with natural operations that preserve isomorphisms across different domains. The term “Struc- ture” here refers broadly to mathematical systems as well as real-world models. An Iterated MetaStructure generalizes this idea recursively, generating successive layers in which structures of structures form deeper hierarchical meta-levels. In this work, we extend and investigate the properties of Algebra, Topology, Lattices, Queues, Markov Chains, and Intervals through the lens of MetaStructures and Iterated MetaStructures.

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Takaaki Fujita mail -

Ajoy Kanti Das mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/GJMSA.130103

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 13 / Iss. Issue 1

Details open_in_new

Journal of International Economics Research | 2026

Empirical Analysis of Financial Stability of Agro-Clusters in Uzbekistan

This study examines the financial stability of agro-clusters with a focus on identifying key determinants that influence long-term asset growth and overall economic sustainability. Using cross-sectional data, the research applies an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model to analyze the impact of workers, depreciation coefficient, validity coefficient, and current assets on long-term assets. The empirical results reveal that labor capacity, liquidity, and operational efficiency have a positive and statistically significant effect on financial stability, while the depreciation coefficient shows a negative but insignificant relationship. Diagnostic tests confirm the reliability and robustness of the model, including normality of residuals and absence of heteroscedasticity. The findings highlight the importance of efficient resource management, access to financial capital, and effective asset utilization in strengthening agro-cluster performance. From a policy perspective, the study suggests that improving workforce productivity, enhancing financial accessibility, and promoting modern management practices are essential for achieving sustainable growth in the agricultural sector. The results contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the financial dynamics of agro-clusters, particularly in the context of developing economies such as Uzbekistan.

groups

Dildora Yuldasheva mail

link https://doi.org/10.54216/JIER.040101

Volume & Issue

Vol. Volume 4 / Iss. Issue 1

Details open_in_new