Volume 12 • Issue 2 • PP: 48–56 • 2026
Dynamic Evacuation Routing Using IoT Fire Sensors and Semantic BIM Graphs
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Indoor fire evacuation requires decisions that change as smoke, heat, and occupant movement evolve. Conventional evacuation drawings are usually prepared before an incident and cannot represent real-time loss of visibility, blocked corridors, congested stairs, or the changing reliability of alternative exits. This paper proposes a dynamic evacuationrouting framework that connects IoT fire-sensor streams with a semantic graph derived from a BIM model. The building is represented as a weighted network of rooms, corridors, doors, stairs, and exits, while sensor readings are transformed into a time-dependent hazard index that continuously modifies edge costs. The proposed model integrates fire-safety asset recognition, semantic BIM enrichment, hazard propagation, congestion-aware edge weighting, and dynamic shortest-path recalculation. A controlled simulation demonstrates how the route recommendation changes during fire development and how dynamic routing reduces hazard exposure compared with a static egress plan. The study contributes a transparent computational structure for transforming BIM from a static documentation model into an adaptive emergency decision-support interface.
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