Volume 16 • Issue 1 • PP: 211-222 • 2025
On Developing a Temporally Ordered Energy Efficient Routing Model (TO-EER) using Bio-Inspired Optimization for MANET
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© 2025 The Author(s). Published by ASPG. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
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Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a structure of dynamic cellular network devices with no fixed architecture. Due to the network's constantly changing environment, characterized by frequent changes in its topology routing becomes a major challenge in MANET, which can reduce the overall network efficacy. As routing protocol plays a vital role in MANET, the energy-efficient routing model can enhance network longevity with a minimal rate of energy consumption. This paper uses a Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) to attain a higher scalability rate and an Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) model to employ energy-efficient routing protocol features. The computations of the proposed model include the length of the route (LR) in optimal route selection and the energy level of routes (ER). It devises the routing problem as an optimization issue and further incorporates EHO for route selection, enhancing the weighted rate of LR and ER. The experimentations are carried out using the NS-3 simulation tool and factors such as latency, packet success rate, throughput, reliability, and energy depletion rate. Through a comparative analysis of the results with the previous works, the effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated.
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