Volume 10 • Issue 1 • PP: 35–42 • 2026
Communication-A ware Digital-Twin Reliability Budgeting for Fog-Assisted Wireless Sensor Ad Hoc Networks
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Wireless sensor IoT systems are increasingly deployed as infrastructure-light communication fabrics in which battery-powered devices exchange event streams through local gateways, fog nodes, and sometimes multi-hop ad hoc routes. In such settings, reliability cannot be judged only by how fast a packet reaches a server. A reading may be fresh but untrusted, energy-efficient but delayed, or successfully delivered through a route that overloads the next fog node. This article revises the problem as a communication-aware reliability budgeting task for fog assisted wireless sensor ad hoc networks. It reviews core studies on wireless sensor networking, fog and edge computing, digital twins, edge intelligence, federated learning, and IoT security, then introduces an extended Digital-Twin Reliability Budgeting model. The model maintains compact fog-side twin states and uses them to govern route choice, event compression, fog offloading, replication, and cloud escalation. Three mathematical algorithms are presented for twin synchronization, route-and-action selection, and adaptive budget learning. The analysis develops delay, energy, freshness, loss, trust, and occupancy terms and shows how they interact across multi-hop communication paths. The resulting framework supports a more disciplined design philosophy: fog nodes should not only process sensor data near the edge; they should regulate the reliability budget of each communication decision before network resources are consumed.
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