2692-4048ISSN (Online)
2770-0070ISSN (Print)
Volume 12 , Issue 2 , PP: 19-27, 2023 | Cite this article as | XML | Html | PDF | Full Length Article
Maysaloon abed qasim 1 * , Qusay Abboodi Ali 2 , Noor Mezher Sahab 3 , Refed Adnan Jaleel 4 , Musaddak Maher Abdul Zahra 5
Doi: https://doi.org/10.54216/FPA.120202
Because network of sensors gives a more accurate representation of remotely sensed environments, a network of wirelessly connected sensors is essential. Data packets must be routed to the base station hop by hop, which causes conventional network data collecting to use a lot of power. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) were employed for hovering over the detected environment and gather data to solve this issue. The paper also aims to provide an automatic alignment for UAV antennas for tracking by utilising computer vision technologies. A directional antenna with high gain is used by a ground station that can operate by a pan-tilt to point towards the low-gain omnidirectional antenna carried by the UAV. To center the UAV's antenna's image in the frame, the antenna is equipped with a camera, and a computer detects the video and controls the pan-tilt. The antennas are aligned if there are no more than a few pixels between the UAV image center and the image center. The proposed imaging system exhibits fast data collection, thus attaining a high packet delivery rate and the minimum use of energy. With the suggested antenna auto-alignment approach, the antennas can be accurately aligned with an angle error of under one. UAVs must take the smoothest and shortest pathways possible to accommodate their motion and time constraints. As a result, the Traveling Sales Problem (TSP) is utilized to determine the shortest route, and Bezier curves are then employed to turn paths into a flyable path.
unmanned aerial vehicle , antenna alignment, computer vision , Data gathering , Traveling salesman problem , Wireless sensor network , Path smoothing , Internet of Things.
[1] Chen, B., & Liu, Y. (2020). Antenna alignment by using computer vision technology. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 62(3), 1267-1269.
[2] Mohsan, S. A. H., Khan, M. A., Noor, F., Ullah, I., & Alsharif, M. H. (2022). Towards the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs): A comprehensive review. Drones, 6(6), 147.
[3] Goudarzi, S., Kama, N., Anisi, M. H., Zeadally, S., & Mumtaz, S. (2019). Data collection using unmanned aerial vehicles for Internet of Things platforms. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 75, 1-15.
[4] Xing-Guo W, Li-Jie Z. Development of a new type of microwave antenna rapid alignment instrument. Mach Des Manuf. 2013;56:156-158.
[5] Morales A, Rodríguez S, Gallardo O, Vegas Olmos JJ, Monroy IT. Performance analysis for W-band antenna alignment using accurate mechanical beam steering. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2017;59:1125-1128.
[6] Zun-Quan Z, Xiao-Bai L. Research on antenna automatic control of dynamic point-to-point communication. Mod Def Technol. 2013;41:94-99.
[7] Chang-Liu Z, Xi-Lun D, Yu-Shu Y, et al. Research on automatictracking system for directional antenna of UAV. J Beijing UnivAeronaut Astronaut. 2016;42:737-744.
[8] Zheng Y, Yong Y, Ying Y. Design and implementation of the automatic tracking platform for the ground terminal antenna of the relayUAV. Appl Electr Tech. 2016;42:16-20.
[9] Li-Ming D, Hai-Li C. The design of antenna track on GPS. ControlAutom. 2008;24:243-244.
[10] Abdul-Salaam G, Abdullah AH, Anisi MH. Energy-efficient data reporting for navigation in position-free hybrid wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sens J 2017:2289–97.
[11] Anjum SS, Noor RM, Anisi MH. Survey on MANET based communication scenarios for search and rescue operations. In IT convergence and security (ICITCS), 5th international conference on 2015 (pp. 1–5). IEEE.
[12] Zeadally S, Khan SU, Chilamkurti N. Energy-efficient networking: past, present, and future. J Supercomput 2012:1093–118.
[13] Oubbati OS, Lakas A, Zhou F, Günes¸ M, Yagoubi MB. A survey on position-based routing protocols for Flying Ad hoc Networks (FANETs). Veh Commun 2017:29–56.
[14] Kerrache CA, Lakas A, Lagraa N, Barka E. UAV-assisted technique for the detection of malicious and selfish nodes in VANETs. Veh Commun 2018:1–11.
[15] Lien SY, Chen KC, Lin Y. Toward ubiquitous massive accesses in 3GPP machine-to-machine communications. IEEE Commun Mag 2011:66–74.
[16] Mozaffari M, Saad W, Bennis M, Debbah M. Unmanned aerial vehicle with underlaid device-to-device communications. Performance and tradeoffs. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 2016;15(6):3949–63.
[17] Liu J, Wang X, Bai B, Dai H. Age-optimal trajectory planning for UAV-assisted data collection. IEEE conference on computer communications workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS); April 2018.
[18] Cao H, Liu Y, Yue X, Zhu W. Cloud-assisted UAV data collection for multiple emerging events in distributed WSNs. Sensors 2017;17:1818.
[19] Zhan C, Zeng Y, Zhang R. Energy-efficient data collection in UAV enabled wireless sensor network. Submitted to. IEEE Wirel Commun Lett 2017. https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00221.
[20] Gong J, Chang TH, Shen C, Chen X. Aviation time minimization of UAV for data collection over wireless sensor networks. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun Jan. 2018. https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.02799.
[21] Isaacs JT, João PH. Dubins traveling salesman problem with neighborhoods: a graph-based approach. Algorithms 2013:84–99.
[22] Besada-Portas E, de la Torre L, Jesus M, de Andrés-Toro B. Evolutionary trajectory planner for multiple UAVs in realistic scenarios. IEEE Trans Robot, 2010;26(4):619–34.
[23] Zheng C, Li L, Xu F, Sun F, Ding M. Evolutionary route planner for unmanned air vehicles. IEEE Trans Robot 2005;21(4):609–20.
[24] Li H, Wang L, Pang S, Towhidnejad M. A cross-layer design for data collecting of the UAV-wireless sensor network system. In: Embedded and ubiquitous computing (EUC), 12th IEEE international conference on. IEEE; 2014. p. 242–9.
[25] Ho D-T, Grøtli EI, Sujit PB, Johansen TA, Sousa JB. Optimization of wireless sensor network and UAV data acquisition. J Intell Robot Syst 2015;78(1):159–79.
[26] Sugihara R, Gupta RK. Path planning of data mules in sensor networks. ACM Trans Sens Netw 2011;8(1):1.
[27] Gao S, Zhang H, Das SK. Efficient data collection in wireless sensor networks with path-constrained mobile sinks. IEEE Trans Mob Comput, 2011;10(4):592–608.
[28] Somasundara AA, Ramamoorthy A, Srivastava MB. Mobile element scheduling for efficient data collection in wireless sensor networks with dynamic deadlines. In: Real-time systems symposium, 2004. Proceedings. 25th IEEE international; 2004. p. 296–305.
[29] Hanoun S, Nahavandi S. Dynamic route construction for mobile collectors in wireless sensor networks. In: International conference on intelligent robotics and applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. p. 824–33.
[30] Audet C, Dennis JE Jr. Analysis of generalized pattern searches. SIAM J Optim 2002;13(3):889–903.
[31] Kan E-M, Lim M-H, Yeo S-P, Ho J-S, Shao Z. Contour based path planning with B-spline trajectory generation for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) over hostile terrain. J Intell Learn Syst Appl 2011;3(03):122.
[32] Lawrence DA, Frew EW, Pisano WJ. Lyapunov vector fields for autonomous unmanned aircraft flight control. J Guid Control Dyn 2008;31(5):1220–9.
[33] Welch G, Bishop G. An introduction to the Kalman filter. University of North Carolina, Department of Computer Science; 1995. TR 95-041.
[34] Zema NR, Trotta A, Natalizio E, Felice MD, Bononi L. The CUSCUS simulator for distributed networked control systems: architecture and use-cases. AdHoc Netw 2018:33–47. Shidrokh Goudarzi received her Ph.D.
[35] Merkepci, M,; Sarkis, M. An Application of Pythagorean Circles in Cryptography and Some Ideas for Future Non Classical Systems. Galoitica Journal of Mathematical Structures and Applications 2022.
[36] Zayood, K., " On A Novel Generalization of The RSA Crypto-System", Neoma Journal Of Mathematics and Computer Science, 2023.
