The Paris Agreement (2015) marked a significant change in international climate regulation, as it does not have binding targets and instead contains a flexible, bottom-up system of nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Although this construction ensured almost universal participation, its use of voluntary commitments and lax implementation schemes has constrained its capacity to achieve the profound, fair cuts in emissions to curb warming to 1.5C. This study critically analyzes the effectiveness of the Agreement, its institutional structure, the dynamics of ambition, transparency framework, Article 6 market mechanism and finance. Basing his analysis on the prominent scholarly works, global climatic evaluation, and documentation undertaken by the UN, the analysis recognizes political self-interest, economic inequalities, unresolved differentiation, and finance gaps as key obstacles to real international collaboration. These structural vices are more impactful in developing countries. By examining Uzbekistan, a climate-vulnerable, and lower-middle-income Central Asian nation engaged in Article 6, this paper shows how the global challenges are being reflected at national levels, such as conditional NDCs, MRV capacity limitations, and reliance on outside assistance. The results highlight that in the absence of enhanced accountability, scaled and predictable climate finance, operationalized equity under CBDRRC, and hybrid governance, the Paris framework may stay aspirational, as opposed to transformative. The policy recommendations aim to achieve convergence in Article 6, improve domestic surveillance, and apply the principles of just transition to bridge the ambition and equity gap.
Read MoreDoi: https://doi.org/10.54216/JIER.040203
Vol. 4 Issue. 2 PP. 18-25, (2026)
After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the role of Middle Corridor raised and this paper examines Kazakhstan’s trade turnover with ten partner countries that reflect the development prospects of the Middle Corridor. Using graphical methods, economic-statistical analysis, as well as explanatory analysis, the study identifies key factors influencing the development of the Middle Corridor. The research is based on data from the Bureau of National Statistics on the website of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan on investments and trade turnover from 2021 to 2025. This research argues that the growing interest in the Middle Corridor has influenced Kazakhstan’s economic trajectory, which, in turn, is shaping the country’s multi-vector foreign policy.
Read MoreDoi: https://doi.org/10.54216/JIER.040201
Vol. 4 Issue. 2 PP. 01-09, (2026)
The research shows the currently increasing role of the industry of sport tourism in the Republic of Uzbekistan and how it impacts on the economic and social development of the state from 2018 to 2025. Based on secondary data from international and national organizations and analytical think centres, the paper analyses trends in tourist arrivals, tourism revenue and the impact of government reforms: visa liberalisation and investment in sport facilities. The results of this study shows that sport tourism is a crucial factor in economic diversification, aiding job creation, regional development and the growth of small and medium businesses. The different international competitions such as boxing or judo championships raise the country's status globally and also contribute to strengthening its strength and cultural interaction. Because of different reforms and because more people are now interested in active travel, tourism in Uzbekistan has recovered after the pandemic. However, scientists still have not studied enough how sport affects the economy of the country and small businesses. Overall, the results indicate that sport tourism is very important for the development of Uzbekistan. It can help the country to reach its long term goals and become one of the best places for active and sport tourism in Central Asia.
Read MoreDoi: https://doi.org/10.54216/JIER.040202
Vol. 4 Issue. 2 PP. 10-17, (2026)
