Journal of International Economics Research
Journal DOI
PendingISSN (Online)
This research explores the factors behind ICT service exports in the Organization of Turkic States, comprising Azerbaijan, Türkiye, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Hungary, over the period 2000–2023. Using annual panel data published by the World Bank, we explore the effects of research and development (R&D), mobile cellular subscriptions, foreign direct investment (FDI), education, and individuals using the Internet on ICT service exports (as a percentage of total service exports). The paper employs panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) estimations to account for heteroskedasticity and contemporaneous correlation across countries. The findings show that R&D spending, FDI, education spending, and Internet usage all have a statistically significant and positive association on ICT service exports while mobile cellular subscriptions had a small negative total effect. Further testing indicated the absence of evidence of omitted variable bias, with the findings considered robust. The contributions of this analysis point to the importance of continuous digital investment, and educational spending, as well as policies to stimulate targeted innovation, with a view to improve the digital trade scorecard of Turkic States. The policy recommendations stress the need for coordinated regional strategies to publicize digital infrastructure investments, elevate the innovation capacity within the region, and attract high-quality foreign direct investment, with a view to enhancing ICT service export growth.
Read MoreDoi: https://doi.org/10.54216/JIER.010101
Vol. 1 Issue. 1 PP. 01-09, (2025)
Arid and semi-arid regions are facing faster land degradation and growing water stress. Planners need indicators that connect conservation goals to everyday decisions. In Uzbekistan’s Zomin region, few long-term, spatial studies combine vegetation condition with water-conservation capacity. We develop a transparent Spatial–Ecological Sustainability Index (SESI) to describe ecological quality and water support and to guide restoration and protection. The method merges several remote sensing and GIS layers: multi-decade NDVI from Landsat and Sentinel, terrain measures such as slope and flow accumulation, and land-cover permeability. We normalize these layers and combine them with a tested weighting method, producing SESI maps and summaries for districts and protected areas. The results show clear patterns by elevation and land use: upper catchments have strong water-retention potential, while valley bottoms near settlements show mixed conditions. The approach is reproducible, decision-ready, and adaptable to other mountainous, water-limited regions.
Read MoreDoi: https://doi.org/10.54216/JIER.010102
Vol. 1 Issue. 1 PP. 10-25, (2025)