2836-4449ISSN (Online)
The main objective of this paper is to present a review study with more information on the neutrosophic Ideal, Principle Ideal, Prim Ideal, Pseudo Neutrosophic Ideal, Quotient ring, and Pseudo Quotient ring. Neutrosophic ring theory is a branch of neutrosophic Algebra which introduced by Florentin Smarandache in 2006.
Read MoreDoi: https://doi.org/10.54216/PAMDA.040101
Vol. 4 Issue. 1 PP. 01-13, (2024)
The efforts of many researchers and scholars have focused on providing appropriate algorithms for generating random numbers and developing them in a manner that suits the need for them, but these algorithms still have advantages and disadvantages, so they are suitable for a specific study and not suitable for another study. The reason for the interest of researchers and scholars in the process of generating random numbers is that random numbers have many scientific and technical applications, starting with generating a series of semi-random numbers, starting from computer simulation to encryption, games of chance, and random samples for statistics and security. In simulation, which is one of the important methods provided by the new science of operations research, the primary reliance is on generating a series of random numbers that follow the regular distribution in the range [0,1], and then converting these random numbers into random variables that follow the probability distribution according to which the system to be simulated works, as the accuracy of the results we obtain from the simulation process depends on the numbers we generate using one of the algorithms. In other words, the appropriate algorithm for the field of study must be chosen from among the algorithms used, which prompted us to prepare this research, through which we will present a reference study of some of the algorithms used to generate random numbers. Where we will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms and the most important areas of their use. Then we will calculate the number of these algorithms and compare them. The algorithms that we will discuss in this research are: ➢Middle Square Method. ➢Middle multi-Method. ➢Fibonacci Methods. ➢Linear congruential Methods.
Read MoreDoi: https://doi.org/10.54216/PAMDA.040102
Vol. 4 Issue. 1 PP. 10-27, (2024)
Rough sets provide a mathematical framework for approximating subsets using lower and upper bounds determined by equivalence relations, effectively modeling uncertainty in classification and data analysis. These foundational concepts have been further extended to structures such as Hyperrough Sets and Superhyperrough Sets. In this paper, we introduce the definitions of Hyperrough Cubic Sets and Superhyperrough Cubic Sets, and explore their fundamental properties. We hope that these developments will promote further research into applications such as decision-making based on Rough Set Theory and its extensions.
Read MoreDoi: https://doi.org/10.54216/PAMDA.040103
Vol. 4 Issue. 1 PP. 28-35, (2024)
An algorithm is a finite, well-defined computational procedure that transforms inputs into outputs through a structured sequence of steps, guaranteeing termination and correctness. A multialgorithm comprises multiple algorithms augmented with a selection mechanism that dynamically chooses the most appropriate procedure based on input characteristics or contextual conditions. While these concepts have deep roots in computer science and beyond, this paper introduces two novel generalizations: the Hyperalgorithm and the Superhyper- algorithm. By leveraging the mathematical frameworks of hyperstructures and superhyperstructures, respectively, we extend the classical notion of computation to higher-order operations on sets and iterated powersets. We present formal definitions, illustrative examples, and a preliminary analysis of their computational properties, laying the groundwork for a unified theory of higher-order algorithms.
Read MoreDoi: https://doi.org/10.54216/PAMDA.040104
Vol. 4 Issue. 1 PP. 36-49, (2024)