Metaheuristic Optimization Review MOR 3066-280X 10.54216/MOR https://www.americaspg.com/journals/show/3488 2024 2024 School of ICT, Faculty of Engineering, Design and Information & Communications Technology (EDICT), Bahrain Polytechnic, PO Box 33349, Isa Town, Bahrain El El-Sayed Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia. Anis Ben Ghorbal FRT is acknowledged as one of the successful advancements of biometric applications in security, surveillance, health care and innovative solutions. More so, the past decade has seen improvements in deep learning, pre-trained Neural Network Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), and combining methods such as ensembles, which have highly improved the FRT's Accuracy and efficiency. Nonetheless, several issues remain – facial expression, illumination, demographic biases or adversarial and backdoor threats. Such limitations require new approaches and tools to enhance FRT's reliability and ethical use. The current review also presents ethical concerns and the social consequences of using FRT. 2025 2025 49 60 10.54216/MOR.030105 https://www.americaspg.com/articleinfo/41/show/3488