Future Directions of Artificial Intelligence in Neurological and

Psychological Sciences: A Review of Innovations, Challenges,

and Prospective Developments

Dimitrios A. Karras1,* Andres Annuk 2

1 General Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

2 Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia

Emails: dakarras@uoa . gr,emu.ee

Received: February 22, 2026 Revised: April 18, 2026 Accepted: June 10, 2026 ⋆ Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

AI rapidly impacts the neurological and psychological sciences, both positive and negative, as more AI techniques

are developed. This review will examine how reformative AI can improve mental health care and neuropsychological

evaluations. Cognitive tools, including machine learning systems and therapeutic bots, are changing the approach to

treatment and, in particular, the diagnosis of diseases. For example, early intervention in a mental health condition can

be conducted when AI presents the results from a large data set where the disease may be concealed. Nevertheless,

using AI also causes ethical concerns such as privacy, data pre-processing bias, and, obviously, the concern of

validation. Since AI is a rapidly expanding field, it has essential consequences meant to be enacted to govern its

safety and efficiency in usage in the clinical area. The future area of research should be aimed at minimizing the

divergence between technical potentiality and clinical application of the developed AI so that the decision support is

complementary to the existing stock of human expertise. The following review will discuss the current trends, issues,

and prospects of neurological and psychological AI applications, focusing on the concept that interdisciplinary

cooperation can fully unlock the potential of these developments while recognizing the potential issues. In this way,

we must work together for a new era of mental health care that is evidence-based but also ethically sound.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence Neuroscience Psychology Mental Health Neuroimaging

1. INTRODUCTION

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a modern driving force

affecting the development of many fields and disciplines, and

neurological and psychological sciences are no exception. AI

technology is increasingly being used in applications ranging

from diagnosing conditions to identifying new therapeutic approaches

for mental health and neuropsychological disorders.

This review paper examines the relationship between AI and

these essential scientific fields, emphasizing its tremendous

potential and promise, while also acknowledging the many

challenges associated with its adoption [1].

One of the significant themes of this paper is the impact of

artificial intelligence on the radical transformation of mental

health services and neuropsychological testing. Sophisticated

cognitive instruments, including machine learning models

and artificial intelligence therapeutic platforms, facilitate the

early identification of ailments using raw and highly diversified

datasets. This anticipatory approach represents a clear

departure from more conventional ways of thinking and may

provide a new avenue for enhancing overall patient health

through early detection.