A Neutrosophic Framework for Multilevel Corruption Assessment in
Central Asian Societies
Samandarboy Sulaymanov1,∗, Gafurov Ubaydullo Vakhabovich2
1Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
2Department of Business Administration, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Emails: sulaymanovsamandarboy@gmail.com; sulaymanovsamandarboy@gmail.com
Abstract
We introduce a neutrosophic framework to assess corruption across micro, meso, and macro levels and illus-
trate it with a public, fully synthetic dataset covering five Central Asian societies (2020–2025). The framework
models the proposition “High Corruption” with three independent degrees: Truth (T ), Indeterminacy (I), and
Falsity (F ), which need not sum to one. We propose a summary index—the Neutrosophic Evidence Risk Index
(NERI)—that couples evidence for and against high corruption with indeterminacy. Empirically, we document
three stylized patterns in the synthetic data: (i) a moderate decline in country-level NERI over time for most
countries; (ii) a negative association between region-year e-service adoption and bribe solicitation; and (iii) a
negative association between digital government capacity and T at the country-year level. For example, the
average bribe-solicitation rate is 0.047 overall, 0.198 without e-services (95% CI 0.175–0.220) vs. 0.019 with
e-services (95% CI 0.015–0.022), implying a risk difference of -0.179 and a relative risk of 0.094.
Keywords: Neutrosophic Sets; Neutrosophic Logic; Indeterminacy; Uncertainty Quantification; Multilevel
Modeling; Corruption Assessment; Governance; Central Asia; Public Sector Integrity; E-Government; De-
cision Support Systems; Transition Economies; Social Measurement; Institutional Analysis; Neutrosophic
Sociology