aspg-41-3847-1792226211 20261017083651 American Scientific Publishing Group admin@americaspg.com American Scientific Publishing Group Metaheuristic Optimization Review MOR 3066-280X 2025 4 1 Khaled Sh. Gaber Computer Science and Intelligent Systems Research Center, Blacksburg 24060, Virginia, USA Ehsan Khodadadi Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA Adversarial deep learning has, therefore, been tabled as one of the key research focus areas in neurosciences, and both the opportunities and drawbacks for the operation of deep learning models on neuroimaging and diagnostic jobs have been unveiled. This review examines these models' weaknesses from adversarial attacks, which can severely affect diagnosis and patient care. For example, it has been shown that slight disturbances in the level of EEG signals can confuse more profound learning algorithms employed for the identification of epilepsy, which can lead to severe diagnostic mistakes. In addition, GANs have the dual role of generating realistic neuroimaging data that can improve diagnostic processes while at the same time using adversarial images that expose the deficits of current models. This duality highlights the need to securely defend models against such risks and employ adversarial training and bio-mimic-based resilient neural network techniques. The consequence of these discoveries should not be underestimated because they reveal the necessity of showing further safety in using deep learning techniques in clinical practices. In addressing these weaknesses, the principle goal of this research is not only to help improve the diagnostic systems but also to expand the knowledge on how adversarial deep learning might affect the health, well-being and safety of patients in neuroscience. 2025 05 08 3847 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 10.54216/MOR.040102 https://americaspg.com/journal/41/article/3847 https://americaspg.com/storage/articles/manuscripts/01M354AQV1P87ZSZ3BD2B1R7GA.pdf