Climate Change and Sustainability: A Review

Balaji Vijayan Venkateswarulu¹, Ankitha K.¹, Chandana L.¹, Likitha M.¹

¹Department of Information Science and Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India

Emails: naheem.is@hkbk.edu.in; 1HK22IS007@hkbk.edu.in; 1HK22IS035@hkbk.edu.in; 1HK22IS042@hkbk.edu.in

Abstract

Climate change, driven by human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial agriculture, is one of the most urgent global challenges. The rise in greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), is contributing to global warming, sea level rise, and extreme weather events, with developing nations being particularly vulnerable. To address this, sustainability has become a key focus, involving the need to meet present demands without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Mitigation strategies include reducing emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower, improving energy efficiency, and using reforestation to absorb carbon dioxide. Adaptation efforts, such as drought-resistant crops and resilient infrastructure, help communities cope with the impacts of climate change. The circular economy, which emphasizes resource efficiency, waste reduction, and recycling, further supports environmental sustainability. Governments, corporations, and individuals must also prioritize social justice, ensuring that underserved areas most affected by climate change receive the necessary support. Through collective action, we can work towards a sustainable future for all.

Keywords: Greenhouse gases (GHGs); Global warming; Mitigation strategies; Recycling; Environmental sustainability