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  <doi_batch_id>aspg-18-2116-1792025494</doi_batch_id>
  <timestamp>20261015005134</timestamp>
  <depositor>
   <depositor_name>American Scientific Publishing Group</depositor_name>
   <email_address>admin@americaspg.com</email_address>
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  <registrant>American Scientific Publishing Group</registrant>
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  <journal>
   <journal_metadata language="en">
    <full_title>Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things</full_title>
    <abbrev_title>JISIoT</abbrev_title>
    <issn media_type="print">2769-786X</issn>
    <issn media_type="electronic">2690-6791</issn>
   </journal_metadata>
   <journal_issue>
    <publication_date media_type="online">
     <year>2023</year>
    </publication_date>
    <journal_volume>
     <volume>10</volume>
    </journal_volume>
    <issue>1</issue>
   </journal_issue>
   <journal_article publication_type="full_text">
    <titles>
     <title>Deep Convolutional Neural Network and Metaheuristic Optimization for Disease Detection in Plant Leaves</title>
    </titles>
    <contributors>
     <person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author">
      <given_name>S. K.</given_name>
      <surname>Towfek</surname>
      <affiliations>
       <institution>
        <institution_name>Computer Science and Intelligent Systems Research Center, Blacksburg 24060, Virginia, USA</institution_name>
       </institution>
      </affiliations>
     </person_name>
     <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
      <given_name>Nima</given_name>
      <surname>Khodadadi</surname>
      <affiliations>
       <institution>
        <institution_name>Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA</institution_name>
       </institution>
      </affiliations>
     </person_name>
    </contributors>
    <jats:abstract>
     <jats:p>In this research, we employed a deep convolutional neural network, often known as a Deep CNN, to propose a novel approach to the detection of illnesses in the leaves of plants. In order to train the Deep CNN model, a dataset that is already accessible is employed. This dataset contains photographs of the leaves of 39 distinct plant species. Six different methods of data augmentation were utilized, including image inversion, gamma correction, noise injection, principal component analysis (PCA), color enhancement, rotation, and scaling. We came to the conclusion that adding more data to a model can improve its accuracy. The proposed model was trained using many epochs, batch sizes, and dropout percentages over the course of its development. When utilizing validation data, the suggested model performs better than methods of transfer learning that are commonly utilized. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of an astounding 83.12% accuracy in data classification. The proposed research is more accurate than the many machine learning technologies that are currently in use. In addition to that, we put the suggested model through our consistency and reliability testing.</jats:p>
    </jats:abstract>
    <publication_date media_type="online">
     <year>2023</year>
    </publication_date>
    <pages>
     <first_page>66</first_page>
     <last_page>75</last_page>
    </pages>
    <publisher_item>
     <item_number item_number_type="article-number">2116</item_number>
    </publisher_item>
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     <ai:license_ref applies_to="vor">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ai:license_ref>
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     <doi>10.54216/JISIoT.100105</doi>
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